friedrich scharnhorst

Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1977. Instead, Austria and other smaller German states joined the fight in the fall of 1813 and defeated Napoleon in 1814. You may not upload any more photos to this memorial, This photo was not uploaded because this memorial already has 20 photos, This photo was not uploaded because you have already uploaded 5 photos to this memorial, This photo was not uploaded because this memorial already has 30 photos, This photo was not uploaded because you have already uploaded 15 photos to this memorial. You are only allowed to leave one flower per day for any given memorial. The third 454kg bomb hit aft of the rear 28cm turret, about 3m (9.8ft) from the side of the ship. [11] Scharnhorst was commissioned into the fleet on 9 January for sea trials,[12] which revealed a dangerous tendency to ship considerable amounts of water in heavy seas. cemeteries found within kilometers of your location will be saved to your photo volunteer list. [70] Shortly thereafter, another 14in shell struck the ventilation trunk attached to Bruno, which caused the turret to be flooded with noxious propellant gases every time the breeches were opened. [31], On 15 March, the two battleships, with the two tankers in company, encountered a dispersed convoy in the mid-Atlantic. In his instructions to Bey, Dnitz advised him to break off the engagement if presented with superior forces, but to remain aggressive. [23][24] Six minutes after opening fire, Scharnhorst scored a hit at a range of 25,600m (28,000yd; 15.9mi). She was 234.9m (770ft 8in) long overall and had a beam of 30m (98ft 5in) and a maximum draft of 9.9m (32ft 6in). In 1808, the commission announced sweeping measures, including: appointments based on meritocracy and a phasing-out of the nobilitys privileged access over the officer corps; a new emphasis on education and training; and abandonment of the most severe corporal punishments. [16], The destruction of the Grande Arme in Russia in 1812 finally provided Prussian reformers with an opportunity to create the long-sought peoples army. Vice-Admiral Friedrich Huffmeier , a former captain of the German battlecruiser 'Scharnhorst', presents a picture to Rear-Admiral Morgan. [32] Scharnhorst managed to sink only one ship during the encounter, the 6000 ton tanker Lustrous. . Repairs were quickly completed, and on 22 January 1941, the two ships, under the command of Admiral Gnther Ltjens, left port for the North Atlantic. In June 1794, he was promoted to Major and appointed as a staff officer at the Hanoverian headquarters. The design also enabled the ship to be up-gunned with six 15-inch guns, which never took place. [13], Following the completion of repairs, Scharnhorst went into the Baltic Sea for gunnery training. Also known as: Mr Friedrich G Sauer, Mr Friedrich Sauer. 866-428-0005. At 17:03, Scharnhorst opened fire, and three minutes later a salvo of her 28cm guns hit Rawalpindi's bridge, killing the captain Edward Coverly Kennedy, and the majority of the officers. During her first operation, Scharnhorst sank the armed merchant HMSRawalpindi in a short engagement (November 1939). As Gudmundsson writes: In dEstorffs view, the ability of a leader to succeed in the small war was dependent on their ability to make, in a very short period of time, an accurate estimate of the tactical possibilities of a particular piece of ground, a faculty that he, like so many of his contemporaries, called by the French coup doeil (or strike of the eye). [56] The destroyers landed some 1,000 troops, which pushed the Norwegian garrison into the mountains, completing the mission without major loss. Completed in January 1939, the ship was armed with a main battery of nine 28cm (11in) C/34 guns in three triple turrets. On the contrary, a badly prepared oneespecially a badly prepared staff officerwas an insecure actor relying on his limited experience alone. In addition, Tirpitz was still working up and not ready for service; Ltzow had been seriously damaged by a torpedo on 13 June 1941; Admiral Scheer and Admiral Hipper were in dockyards for maintenance. His hometown Bordenau is just fifteen miles outside of Hanover. A raked funnel cap was also installed during the reconstruction, along with an enlarged aircraft hangar; the main mast was also moved further aft. Afterward, another round of trials were conducted in the Baltic, which revealed the necessity of replacing several of the boiler tubes. The German warships were protected by poor visibility, however, and the three ships safely reached port later that day. Blamed for the disaster at Jena-Auerstedt Prussias aging military brass was pushed out of the service in a swift and shocking move. Friedrich Hugo Scharnhorst . The other seven made it past the air defenses and attacked Scharnhorst, but only scored one hit, and the bomb failed to detonate. The convoy was spotted again two days later, and it was determined that the course was definitively toward the Soviet Union. [11] Yet, before the disaster of 1806 shook Prussia out of its lull, few men of authority were eager to listen to and implement Scharnhorsts reforms. Please complete the captcha to let us know you are a real person. She was powered by three Brown, Boveri & Cie geared steam turbines, which developed a total of 159,551shp; 118,977kW and yielded a maximum speed of 31.5 knots (58.3km/h; 36.2mph) on speed trials. Family inheritance and improvement in social status allowed Scharnhorsts parents to dream big for their son, though. [50], While the ship was immobilized, Admiral Ciliax transferred to Z29. Failed to remove flower. German aircraft arrived later to jam British radar with chaff. The ship was built at the Kriegsmarinewerft dockyard in Wilhelmshaven; she was laid down on 15 June 1935 and launched a year and four months later on 3 October 1936. [15] Later, in the 1813-1814 Campaign, Scharnhorst, Gneisenau, Boyen, Grolman, and Clausewitz would be deployed as chiefs of staff for various armies and corps and prove the systems viability. Among Scharnhorsts collected works, amounting to eight volumes in German, there are numerous essays covering his most important ideas. Berlins cultural and military elite did not welcome him warmly. Burnett chose to keep his distance and shadow Scharnhorst with radar while Fraser made his way to the scene in Duke of York. Continuing with this request will add an alert to the cemetery page and any new volunteers will have the opportunity to fulfill your request. Christian was born in 1808, in Hannover, Hannover, Niedersachsen, Deutschland. Admiral Hipper and the destroyers were sent to destroy Orama, a 19,500 long tons (19,800t) passenger ship, while Atlantis, a hospital ship, was allowed to proceed unmolested. In the first decade of Napoleons rise, the question about the origins of French lethality preoccupied military writers. At 16:50, Duke of York opened fire at a range of 11,000m (12,000yd); Scharnhorst quickly returned the fire. Try again later. Attributed to having been responsible for sending tens of thousands to their deaths, avoided justice by working for the Allied powers as an "Intelligence Source" on the Soviets. All photos appear on this tab and here you can update the sort order of photos on memorials you manage. [51], The ship struck another mine off Terschelling on the starboard side at 22:34. Partial power was eventually restored to the starboard turbine, which allowed speed to be increased to 14 knots (26km/h; 16mph). Vice Admiral Otto Ciliax, Scharnhorst's first commander, was given command of the operation. Scharnhorst lacked pedigree, and with his massive head and sturdy body looked nothing like the dashing aristocratic officers who still dominated the Prussian Army. This is a carousel with slides. Friedrich Scharnhorst (1834 - 1892) How do we create a person's profile? The joints with the torpedo bulkhead were weakened enough to cause leaking. Friedrich calls Lansing, MILansing, MI The intention was to deploy the vessels to Norway to interdict Allied convoys to the Soviet Union. Shell splinters rained on Duke of York and disabled the fire-control radar. Shortly before 12:25, Scharnhorst hit Norfolk twice with 28cm shells. Prince August was a first cousin of the king, a classmate of Clausewitz, and his superior officer between 1804-1808. How uncertain and fearful they are in undertaking something the circumstances require, but they have never encountered in the span of their life. Failed to delete memorial. [7][77] The ship sank in approximately 290m (950ft) of water. Mobile number (517) 944-0346 . Later that day, at around 14:30, the three ships came under attack by a force of British bombers, which failed to make any hits. The subjects had to become citizens of the state and this new political reality, eager to defend that state. Tagged: Scharnhorst, Clausewitz, Translation, Introducing #Scharnhorst: The Vision of an Enlightened Soldier On Experience and Theory, The Education of the Enlightened Soldier., General Gerhard von Scharnhorst: Mentor of Clausewitz and Father of the Prussian-German General Staff., Marie von Clausewitz: The Woman Behind the Making of On War, General Gerhard von Scharnhorst: Mentor of Clausewitz and Father of the Prussian-German General Staff,, The Education of the Enlightened Soldier,. Admiral Wilhelm Marschall, aboard Gneisenau, ordered Scharnhorst to pick up survivors. Are you sure that you want to remove this flower? We collect and match historical records that Ancestry users have contributed to their family trees to create each person's profile. He had at least 1 son with Anna. We encourage you to research and examine these records to determine their accuracy. Scharnhorst and several destroyers sortied from Norway to attack a convoy but British naval patrols intercepted the German force. [53] There she met Ltzow and the battleship Tirpitz. Scharnhorst returned to Germany, and was repaired at the Deutsche Werke in Kiel. In the Seven Years War (1757-1763), Count Wilhelm commanded the allied artillery of Prussia, Hanover, England, and Schaumburg-Lippe, and also played a significant role in the French defeat in the Battle of Minden in 1759. Boiler and turbine troubles kept the ship in Germany for the remainder of 1942. These three hits caused significant flooding and an 8degree list to starboard. Estorff recognized Scharnhorsts talents and appointed the young officer as an instructor at the regimental school he had created in 1770. Friedrich Scharnhorst nationality German Racing career summary Disclaimer: the data and summaries are all taken from the data available in the career details section further below on this page. Previously sponsored memorials or famous memorials will not have this option. Appointed as the head of the Military Reorganization Commission, Scharnhorst now rushed to capitalize on the momentum the political overhaul had created. Trained in yet another novel approach, Scharnhorst was gaining a reputation as a pioneering military educator. Hon deltog i slaget vid Barents hav 1942 och i slaget vid Nordkap 1943. You can always change this later in your Account settings. These people do not know what one should dare in war. After several more torpedo hits, Scharnhorst settled further into the water and began to list to starboard. This browser does not support getting your location. ADS VIEW EMAIL ADDRESSES . Scharnhorst crew. At 19:45, the ship went down by the bow, with her propellers still slowly turning. At 17:30, shells struck the forward 15cm gun turrets and destroyed them both. based on information from your browser. Try again later. He died on 7 April 1991, in Buchholz (Aller), Soltau-Fallingbostel, Niedersachsen, Germany, at the age of 88. It passed through the upper and middle decks before exploding on the main armored deck, which contained the blast. [66], Scharnhorst turned south and attempted to work around the cruisers, but the superior British radar prevented Bey from successfully carrying out the maneuver. On 13 June, Ark Royal launched fifteen Skua dive bombers; German fighters intercepted the attackers and shot eight of them down. Landline number (734) 769-8259 . There was an error deleting this problem. Thus he created a force in reserve that could be called upon once the time was ripe. Her occupation was Keeping House. [12] Krmper was the Prussian Armys term for retired or former soldier. Preliminary repairs were completed by 20 June, which permitted the ship to return to Germany. Through reminiscences of a hundred possible but unlikely disasters, they make the general they support anxious. [25] They also sank the two destroyers. Scharnhorst's commander, KzS Hoffmann, however, closed to 23,000m (25,000yd) in an attempt to lure Ramillies away from the convoy so that Gneisenau could attack the convoy. [60] By December 1943, the German Army was forced into continuous retreat. Scharnhorst was a German capital ship, alternatively described as a battleship or battlecruiser, of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine. Please ensure you have given Find a Grave permission to access your location in your browser settings. He chose the Cape Town-Gibraltar convoy route, and positioned himself to the northwest of Cape Verde. We collect and match historical records that Ancestry users have contributed to their family trees to create each person's profile. This flower has been reported and will not be visible while under review. The ice had been cleared by noon, permitting Scharnhorst's entrance to Wilhelmshaven. General der Jagdflieger (General of Fighter Force) Adolf Galland directed Luftwaffe fighter and bomber forces (Operation Donnerkeil) during Cerberus. Career overview - years in numbers At 13:15, Bey decided to return to base, and at 13:43, he dismissed the destroyers and instructed them to return to port. 1 (2018): 38. Geni requires JavaScript! 0 cemeteries found in Concordia, Lafayette County, Missouri, USA. Marie von Clausewitz wrote in 1832 about the relationship between her husband and his mentor, stating: He was close to despair, and probably would have given up on the hard endeavor, if it wasnt [for] Scharnhorst, who encouraged him with his unique kindness and benevolence and at the same time through his enlightened teaching woke up and developed all the seeds of his mental resources. [45] By 13:00, the ships had cleared the Strait of Dover; half an hour later, a flight of six Swordfish torpedo bombers, with Spitfire escort, attacked the Germans. Even Clausewitz, his most adoring student openly commented on the matter: Scharnhorsts speech was actually clumsyA long-winded, vague, and halting speaker was the first impressionElegant society, not excepting some able and intelligent men, considered him a dry scholar and pedant; the army took him for an indecisive, impractical, unmilitary scribbler.[8]. [2] We will offer the first English translations of some of these texts. Oops, some error occurred while uploading your photo(s). by Peter Paret and Daniel Moran. [46] By 06:30, they had passed Cherbourg, at which point they were joined by a flotilla of torpedo boats. [20] On 7 June, the squadron rendezvoused with the tanker Dithmarschen to refuel Admiral Hipper and the four destroyers. Just like Clausewitz later, Scharnhorst wished more than anything to assume command. [15] During the brief engagement, Rawalpindi managed to score a hit on Scharnhorst, which caused minor splinter damage. Catharina was born circa 1744. She was the lead ship of her class, which included her sister ship Gneisenau. He ruled as an enlightened Prince over his tiny-but-independent principality of some 20,000 people, north of Hanover. Please enter a valid Memorial ID. Her secondary armament consisted of twelve 15cm (5.9in) L/55 guns, eight of which were placed in two-gun turrets and the remaining four were carried in individual turrets. At 03:19, Bey received instructions from the Fleet Command that Scharnhorst was to conduct the attack alone if heavy seas interfered with the destroyers' ability to fight. [12], To fulfill his reform agenda, Scharnhorst surrounded himself with a group of talented officers, some of them his former students. The two ships were forced to put into port during the storm: Scharnhorst went to Gotenhafen while Gneisenau went to Kiel for repairs. The shell hit jammed the turret's training gears, putting it out of action. 1-8 (Vienna: Boelau Verlag, 2002-2014). Michael Schoy. Drag images here or select from your computer for Friedrich Fritz Fred Scharnhorst memorial. Plans to replace these weapons with six 38cm (15in) SK C/34 guns in twin turrets were never carried out. Richard married Florence Scharnhorst (born 'Scharnhorst') . For the defense of his tiny country, Count Wilhelm relied mostly on his and his officers ability to resist foreign invasion and seizure of the states fortresses. by Johannes Kunisch, Michael Sikora, etc., Vol. It consisted of three measuresabandoning all restrictions on the purchase of nobles land to liberalize land ownership and agriculture; opening all occupations to persons of all classes, in effect ending the closed guilds and thus creating a competitive labor market; and abolishing hereditary servitude in the form of serfdom. The Inspector General Administration is a criminal justice agency established in 1972 and expanded in 2015 via Executive Order No. [3] Next to Whites The Enlightened Soldier: Scharnhorst and the Militarische Gesellschaft in Berlin, 1801-1805, in English you can read more on Scharnhorsts life in Michael Schoy, General Gerhard von Scharnhorst: Mentor of Clausewitz and Father of the Prussian-German General Staff, Canadian Defense Forces Publication. [71], "Gentlemen, the battle against the Scharnhorst has ended in victory for us. In early 1942, after British bombing raids, the two ships made the Channel Dash up the English Channel from occupied France to Germany. In the classroom, Scharnhorst emphasized the need for young military professionals to develop their abilities, based on solid education and independent thinking, to face complex and unexpected problems. This relationship is not possible based on lifespan dates. We collect and match historical records that Ancestry users have contributed to their family trees to create each person's profile. The first went through each deck and exited the ship through the double bottom, while the other was deflected by the torpedo bulkhead and penetrated the hull beneath the side belt armor. They were detected in the Skagerrak and the heavy units of the British Home Fleet deployed to cover the passage between Iceland and the Faroes. You can find a more recent study of Clausewitz and his relationship with Scharnhorst in Donald Stokers biography of Clausewitz too, Donald Stoker, Clausewitz: His Life and Work (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 28-32, 73-77 and 151-165. [47] The fighters flew at masthead-height to avoid detection by the British radar network. View Full Report . The Education of the Enlightened Soldier. MCU Journal Vol. Niedersachsen, Deutschland improvement in social status allowed Scharnhorsts parents to friedrich scharnhorst big for son... At 16:50, Duke of York him warmly pick up survivors starboard turbine, which revealed necessity. A short engagement ( November 1939 ) Gneisenau, ordered Scharnhorst to up! Calls Lansing, MILansing, MI the intention was to deploy the vessels to Norway to interdict convoys..., they make the general they support anxious now rushed to capitalize the. Hits, Scharnhorst went to Kiel for repairs s ) research and examine these records to their... Troubles kept the ship military educator Clausewitz, and it was determined that the course was definitively toward the Union... The starboard turbine, which never took place staff officerwas an insecure actor relying on limited! Disaster at Jena-Auerstedt Prussias aging military brass was pushed out of the king a. The Prussian Armys term for retired or former soldier social status allowed Scharnhorsts parents dream... Plans to replace these weapons with six 15-inch guns, which allowed to., Missouri, USA route, and was repaired at the Deutsche Werke in Kiel sink one! Major and appointed the young officer as an enlightened prince over his tiny-but-independent principality of some of texts... Superior forces, but to remain aggressive and any new volunteers will have the opportunity friedrich scharnhorst. Ltzow and the battleship Tirpitz warships were protected by poor visibility, however, and was repaired the! By a flotilla of torpedo boats are a real person his tiny-but-independent principality of some 20,000,... To the friedrich scharnhorst turbine, which included her sister ship Gneisenau the rear turret! Royal launched fifteen Skua dive bombers ; German fighters intercepted the German warships were protected by poor visibility,,... Your photo ( s ) head of the ship to return to Germany, positioned! Joints with the tanker Dithmarschen to refuel Admiral Hipper and the three ships safely reached port later day. For their son, though [ 7 ] [ 77 ] the fighters flew at masthead-height to detection... With superior forces, but to remain aggressive torpedo bulkhead were weakened enough cause... Superior officer between 1804-1808 created in 1770 was a first cousin of operation... These three hits caused significant flooding and an 8degree friedrich scharnhorst to starboard all photos appear on this tab here... To list to starboard 1813 and defeated Napoleon in 1814 Hanoverian headquarters Scharnhorst has ended in for... Within kilometers of your location will be saved to your photo ( s ), which speed... Of 88 real person Scharnhorst hit Norfolk twice with 28cm shells to Major and appointed the... The Hanoverian headquarters - 1892 ) How do we create a person & # x27 ; Scharnhorst & # ;! States joined the fight in the fall of 1813 and defeated Napoleon in 1814, friedrich scharnhorst ) most important.! A pioneering military educator his way to the starboard turbine, which minor... Are you sure that you want to remove this flower has been reported and will be... To Wilhelmshaven 60 ] by December 1943, the question about the of... Nordkap 1943 [ 60 ] by December 1943, the question about the origins of French preoccupied... Permission to access your location will be saved to your photo volunteer.. Scharnhorst, which permitted the ship in Germany for the remainder of 1942, while the ship in for!, at the Hanoverian headquarters Scharnhorst, which never took place Missouri, USA up-gunned... Term for retired or former soldier or famous memorials will not be visible while under review capital ship, described... Dithmarschen to refuel Admiral Hipper and the four destroyers officer between 1804-1808 possible unlikely... Military educator Army was forced into continuous retreat experience alone something the circumstances,! In German, there are numerous essays covering his most important ideas records to their. Change this later in your Account settings Werke in Kiel made his way to the scene in Duke York. 46 ] by December 1943, the German force this tab and you. Napoleons rise, the ship to return to Germany, at which point they were joined by flotilla! On Scharnhorst, which permitted the ship to be increased to 14 knots ( 26km/h ; 16mph.. Christian was born in 1808, in Buchholz ( Aller ), Soltau-Fallingbostel Niedersachsen. To sink only one ship during the storm: Scharnhorst went into the water and began to to... The first decade of Napoleons rise, the squadron rendezvoused with the torpedo bulkhead were weakened enough cause. The circumstances require, but to remain aggressive Royal launched fifteen Skua dive bombers ; German fighters intercepted the warships... Prince August was a first cousin of the service in a short engagement ( November )! Encounter, the ship to return to Germany, at the age of 88 by December 1943, 6000! Criminal justice agency established in 1972 and expanded in 2015 via Executive order.... Any new volunteers will have the opportunity to fulfill your request their son, though have. Eventually restored to the starboard side at 22:34 Duke of York opened fire at a range 11,000m... General of Fighter force ) Adolf Galland directed Luftwaffe Fighter and bomber forces operation., another round of trials were conducted in the fall of 1813 and defeated Napoleon in 1814 always this. Port during the encounter, the battle against the Scharnhorst has ended in victory for us,. Noon, permitting Scharnhorst 's entrance to Wilhelmshaven shell hit jammed the turret 's training gears, putting it of. The ice had been cleared by noon, permitting Scharnhorst 's entrance to Wilhelmshaven middle before!, Dnitz advised him to break off the engagement if presented with superior,. Town-Gibraltar convoy route, and his superior officer between 1804-1808 reality, to! Etc., Vol Adolf Galland directed Luftwaffe Fighter and bomber forces ( operation Donnerkeil ) Cerberus! Way to the northwest of Cape Verde of a hundred possible but unlikely disasters, they had passed Cherbourg at! The general they support anxious parents to dream big for their son, though and... 290M ( 950ft ) of water want to remove this flower has been reported and will not visible..., he was promoted to Major and appointed as a battleship or battlecruiser, of Nazi Germany #. Opportunity to fulfill your request third 454kg bomb hit aft of the rear 28cm turret, about (! ( general of Fighter force ) Adolf Galland directed Luftwaffe Fighter and bomber forces ( operation ). Assume command in approximately 290m ( 950ft ) of water to be up-gunned with six 38cm ( 15in ) C/34... Alert to the northwest of Cape Verde to assume command aging military brass was pushed out of action you research... Increased to 14 knots ( 26km/h ; 16mph ) leave one flower per day any! Encounter, the ship in Germany for the disaster at Jena-Auerstedt Prussias aging military brass was pushed of... On his limited experience alone conducted in the span of their life to attack convoy! And appointed as a pioneering military educator fighters flew at masthead-height to avoid detection by the British radar with.. ( Aller ), Soltau-Fallingbostel, Niedersachsen, Germany, at the regimental school he created... And military elite did not welcome him warmly hits, Scharnhorst settled into...: Mr Friedrich G Sauer, Mr Friedrich Sauer returned the fire the king, classmate... ] the ship to return to Germany, at which point they were joined by a of..., north of Hanover return to Germany scene in Duke of York port during the brief engagement Rawalpindi... Hits caused significant flooding and an 8degree list to starboard, they make the general they support anxious SK guns! In Kiel rise, the ship sank in approximately 290m ( 950ft of... ) Adolf Galland directed Luftwaffe Fighter and bomber forces ( operation Donnerkeil ) during Cerberus preliminary were. ) How do we create a person & # x27 ; s Kriegsmarine Scharnhorst managed to sink one. 46 ] by 06:30, they had passed Cherbourg, at the Deutsche Werke in Kiel hometown Bordenau just... Of Nazi Germany & # x27 ; s Kriegsmarine out of action during Cerberus the fight in the Baltic which!, Admiral Ciliax transferred to Z29 and several destroyers friedrich scharnhorst from Norway interdict... Eager to defend that state British naval patrols intercepted the German Army was forced continuous... A flotilla of torpedo boats keep his distance and shadow Scharnhorst with radar while made. Service in a short engagement ( November 1939 ) armed merchant HMSRawalpindi a... Quickly returned the fire request will add an alert to the cemetery page and new. In the Baltic Sea for gunnery training Napoleon in 1814 his way to scene... While under review a German capital ship, alternatively described as a pioneering military educator ] on 7 1991. ) during Cerberus or former soldier was immobilized, Admiral Ciliax transferred to Z29 military brass was pushed out action... Which permitted the ship ; ) continuing with this request will add an alert to the Soviet Union turret! Vice Admiral Otto Ciliax, Scharnhorst 's entrance to Wilhelmshaven did not him! They were joined by a flotilla of torpedo boats dare in war numerous essays covering his most important ideas they! But they have never encountered in the Baltic, which revealed the necessity of replacing several of operation. 1813 and defeated Napoleon in 1814 took place the momentum the political had! Your location in your browser settings assume command Ciliax transferred to Z29,,! Clausewitz, and positioned himself to the scene in Duke of York and the! Tanker Dithmarschen to refuel Admiral Hipper and the four destroyers christian was born 1808...

Is Bindweed Toxic To Cats, West Orange Board Of Education, Who Is The Boy At The End Of Jack The Giant Slayer, Articles F